SDLC - HDLC - FrameRelay - PPP
SDLC - Synchronous Data Link Control
SDLC - Datalink Protocol which are Point to Point protocols
The Bank and customer start a PPP so their is no Network Layer Involved
Website for SDLC frame and ALL information:
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ito_doc/sdlcetc.htm
Below will Summerize what was talked about in class:
SDLC + HDLC + PPP have one thing in common
Variable Datasize
- the protocol does not specify the maximum data unit
SDLC Fields
Flag |- 8 bits of information - 01111110 -|
The first zero start bit last zero end bit.
Why? - To know when the message is over because its variable datasize
Start and End bits - Marks between data.
To ward off mixed data when the bits have a consecutive 6 1bits SDLC will put an artificial 0 at the end aka bitstuffing.
---------------------------------------------------
Control Field |- 8 bits of informaiton -|
A three bit frame format field: Info Frame, Supervisory Frame, Unnumbered Frame
Info Frame
0 - in the control field, means information is being transmitted
Supervisory Frame
1 - Supervisory frame
- positive ack
- Negative ack
- Flow control Feature
Unnumbered - Used For Network Management Functions
- Shut down & restart "Banke Machines...."
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Still in the control field
|Sequence Number| - 3 bits - Can send 7 frames before an ack is demanaded
000 - Received SN
000 - Send SN
Error checking is done for the seven frames
If they are all correct their will be a supervisory frame of 111 for completeness
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Supervisory Frame
|Function Code| - 00 = means no errors
01 = errors
11 = stop sending data
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unnumbered Frame - 5 bits -
| function code |
- Bring up down reset
- Done by a Network Manager Person
- Preforms network management functions
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Info | Supervisory | Unnumbered
| Poll Final |
- 1 bit 2 functions
- Depends on direction
We call computers usings these protocols
Central Units & Primary Units
Primary unit - control the ordered delivery of data
Polling will ask each primary unit if it has data
- When it is coming from the final primary unit a final bit is indicated
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thats it for SDLC at this time.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
RIPv1 - Request Ip address | Hop Count | Interface ...depending on the Hop count it will choose the lowest one as its main route to destination
- Every 20 seconds a request is made
- Does not address Subnets
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saturday, November 3, 2007
Friday, November 2, 2007
DCN386W9 - SDL HDLC FRAMERELAY RIPv1
Question 1 Test 2
Test 2 in week 13
Scummed the test AAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRRRRRRRRHHHHHHHHHH!
In the course outline
2test each worth 25%,
1Q 10%
FE 40%
Test 1 20%
60/3
Question 1
It’s a protocol
SDLC- Synchronous Data link Control Protocol
For the 100$ coming out of your bank accounts, you use SDLC
IBM’s protocol very expensive
OSI changed SDCL to –HDLC-
HDLC is ciscos default datalink protocol, if you understand SDLC you will understand HDLC
This is a data link layer protocol
IETF renamed it to PPP, is a derivative of HDLC which is the DERATIVE of SDLC
SDLC insights to half a dozen other modern protocols, SDLC and HDLC and PPP and FrameRelay are lay DATALINK layer protocols,
How do you catergorize it, datalink protocols are PPP protocols
What does this mean exactly,
You and to the bank is PPP no Network Layer Involved, by week 14 why is is not a good idea to put a bank machine on the Internet.
You don’t have to worry about Ordered Delivery theirs only one route
It is stressed it is a Data link protocol,
When you want to learn about protocol you look at the control information that is infront TCP/IP 20 bytes of information in front of every protocol.
He will send us a website with the information to the diagram from this lecture
SDLC + HDLC + PPP and all the things have a
Variable data size – the protocol does not specify the maximum data unit
Ethernet is also a data link protocol it has a maximum variable data size.
If you worked at Scotia bank you would pick the maximum data size, it has versatility you can do what you want with the variable size.
U would say if setting up a bank application down at the bottom of the script would be
MAXDATA : 100
The address 8 bits, 2 bytes long
Lets go through this you ask for 100 bucks from a bank machine it will put the information into the data field, the bank machines surrounds your data with this extra information, a 1 byte
FLAG – 8 bit of information - 01111110
Frame Relay same information it starts with a flag
Why do we need flags, know when we know the message is over.
The reason you need a flag cause SDLC does not have a fixed data size,
Ex: what happends a receiving machines gets a start flag it reads data, onlt when it sees an end flag it knows it has received a complete message.
Start flag and end flag are like book marks between the data.
SDLC will guard against theirs another 6 bits that our not ours, when they all want to send a message the protocols will examines the data, looking for an occurrence of six consecutive ones
While building a frame the data is examined if the software (HDLC) if it ever finds 5 consecutive 1 bits it will stick an artificial zero at the end it will say AH I have a astart frame the computer will then remove the artificial bit and restore the bit, this is called BIT stuffing after 5 consecutive 1’s.
The 1’s are used cause we don’t know the size of the data field
The address is manually applied, one thing to consider, a 1 byte control field,
TCP/IP had 20 bytes of control information, very very inefficient, SDLC 8 bits of control information these 8 bits DETERMINE how SDLC operates, To control 8 bits wonderfully efficiently.
All the protocols we we are going to look at have
THREE FRAME formats its determined by the CONTROL FIELD
This is the first format, theirs a 0 in the control field that means an
information frame is being transmitted, however if if its 1 then a 0 then we are dealing with a
supervisory frame – positive ack, neg ack, and flow control feature
We are doing this with 8 bits instead of 20 bytes like TCP
So we got sending data, error handeling done by the supervisory frame,
A THIRD FRAME
Unnumbered – Used for Network Management Functions
its specially special, Network Management software, theirs number frames with 1 command u can take down and put up
SDLC uses what is called a SLIDING WINDOW (this is the window size), they call this a
Sequence Number
000 – Received Sequence Number
000- Send Sequence Numbers
SDLC can send 7 frames before an acknowledgement is demanded
Totally Reliable, it’s a VERY VERY.
Why 7 frames?
001
010
011
It will senevn frames cause the SN only has 7 frames cause it only has 3 bits,
The seven frames will go out into the internet and the deatination computer will get the 7 frames and then it will do
Error Checking
Under 7 frames CRC on each and every frames
If they are all correct the receiving computer will build a supervisory frame in the reciving computer it will put receive data
111
Function Code
00 means no errors
Supervisors address control and flags
The sending machine sends the other information, once it gets to 7 gets back to zero then starts again
What if their was an error in frame 6, it does CRC error checking.
The receiving computer sends a supervisory frame of a function code of 01 indicating their has been an error, 110.
Supervisory from 11 means stop sending data
Supervisory three things, pos ack, neg ack , and flow control
Whether its an information , supervisory and unnumbered frame, why is it unnumbered, cause they have received sequence number
Information have reveinumber send number
Unnumbered have 5 bits of function code, bring a network down up , reset the machine, 5 bits has 32 different functions, Network Manage Person can do function
Understand unnumbered frams perform network management functions.
Supervisory frames never send data, address control and end flag,
You can send data unnumbered frames, buy your RRSP the NMPerson, here’s a little
The final bit
Pull Final – 1 bit has 2 jobs, depends on which direction the message is moving, with SDLC central computer are called primary units and others primary units, primary units are computers that control the ordered delivery of data
Their can be no collisions in SDLC, think about it,
There is two people and they are side by side and they both ask for $100 and press enter at exactly the same time what will happen
POLLING is used for flow control, hence the name POLL, the bank machine handling SDLC each circuit SDLC will send a POLLING message is a supervisory frame with no data the bit in the middle will be turned on,
It will send it to the new frame ask if it has data pull back and see if it needs pulls the data then it goes to the next machine,
POLLING to each machine, pul indicator primary to secondary
Different if its coming from the secondary unit to the primary unit its called a final indicator bit.
Final frame it know it has received 1 2 3 and there is no more frames, 1 bit with 2 jobs.
Next 5 weeks:
WAN protocol, and Internet protocol, Test 2 WAN protocol questions and Internet specific questions
When you typed router rip
Router RIP- To build something called a Routing Information Table
Two flavours of routing information protocols RIP is the oldest.
RIP V2
Configuring router 1, R1 knows two things, R1 knows about subnet 1 and subnet 2,
R2 knows about S2 S3, R3 S3 S4.
RIP starts up in your router, does something intresting, will send out ever interface it knows and every serial it knows
RIP REQUEST – frame of data – 2 pieces of information, it knows about S1 and S2 and will send it to its neighbour, when R2 gets the rip request will send a rip request, it will say it knows about Subnet3 and Router 3
R1
IP address | Hop Count | Interface
S3 1 S0
*Add*
S4 2 S0
Now R1 knows that R1 is associated with R2 subnet 3
R2
IP address | Hop Count | Interface
S1 1 S1
S4 1 S0
Every 20 seconds when started, biggest problem, every 20 seconds on average it sends a RIP request to its Neighbours.
Another 20 seconds pass so R2 will send everything it knows ^^Addings to RIP: router 1 will *Add*
Second Major problem
IETF webpage, - Specification for maximum Hop count of 15
If you connect 2 routers together it will see that it will be 1hop count, rip will always send it out the fasts, the minimum HOP count.
Next week A FAR BETTAH routing PROTOCOL HA HA HA AHHHHH!
OPEN SORTING PATH is by far a superior protocol, far more complex protocol.
When you type in router RIP its rip version rip, the third crucial failure it cannot understand subnets. RIPv2 does address subnets
Test 2 in week 13
Scummed the test AAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRRRRRRRRHHHHHHHHHH!
In the course outline
2test each worth 25%,
1Q 10%
FE 40%
Test 1 20%
60/3
Question 1
It’s a protocol
SDLC- Synchronous Data link Control Protocol
For the 100$ coming out of your bank accounts, you use SDLC
IBM’s protocol very expensive
OSI changed SDCL to –HDLC-
HDLC is ciscos default datalink protocol, if you understand SDLC you will understand HDLC
This is a data link layer protocol
IETF renamed it to PPP, is a derivative of HDLC which is the DERATIVE of SDLC
SDLC insights to half a dozen other modern protocols, SDLC and HDLC and PPP and FrameRelay are lay DATALINK layer protocols,
How do you catergorize it, datalink protocols are PPP protocols
What does this mean exactly,
You and to the bank is PPP no Network Layer Involved, by week 14 why is is not a good idea to put a bank machine on the Internet.
You don’t have to worry about Ordered Delivery theirs only one route
It is stressed it is a Data link protocol,
When you want to learn about protocol you look at the control information that is infront TCP/IP 20 bytes of information in front of every protocol.
He will send us a website with the information to the diagram from this lecture
SDLC + HDLC + PPP and all the things have a
Variable data size – the protocol does not specify the maximum data unit
Ethernet is also a data link protocol it has a maximum variable data size.
If you worked at Scotia bank you would pick the maximum data size, it has versatility you can do what you want with the variable size.
U would say if setting up a bank application down at the bottom of the script would be
MAXDATA : 100
The address 8 bits, 2 bytes long
Lets go through this you ask for 100 bucks from a bank machine it will put the information into the data field, the bank machines surrounds your data with this extra information, a 1 byte
FLAG – 8 bit of information - 01111110
Frame Relay same information it starts with a flag
Why do we need flags, know when we know the message is over.
The reason you need a flag cause SDLC does not have a fixed data size,
Ex: what happends a receiving machines gets a start flag it reads data, onlt when it sees an end flag it knows it has received a complete message.
Start flag and end flag are like book marks between the data.
SDLC will guard against theirs another 6 bits that our not ours, when they all want to send a message the protocols will examines the data, looking for an occurrence of six consecutive ones
While building a frame the data is examined if the software (HDLC) if it ever finds 5 consecutive 1 bits it will stick an artificial zero at the end it will say AH I have a astart frame the computer will then remove the artificial bit and restore the bit, this is called BIT stuffing after 5 consecutive 1’s.
The 1’s are used cause we don’t know the size of the data field
The address is manually applied, one thing to consider, a 1 byte control field,
TCP/IP had 20 bytes of control information, very very inefficient, SDLC 8 bits of control information these 8 bits DETERMINE how SDLC operates, To control 8 bits wonderfully efficiently.
All the protocols we we are going to look at have
THREE FRAME formats its determined by the CONTROL FIELD
This is the first format, theirs a 0 in the control field that means an
information frame is being transmitted, however if if its 1 then a 0 then we are dealing with a
supervisory frame – positive ack, neg ack, and flow control feature
We are doing this with 8 bits instead of 20 bytes like TCP
So we got sending data, error handeling done by the supervisory frame,
A THIRD FRAME
Unnumbered – Used for Network Management Functions
its specially special, Network Management software, theirs number frames with 1 command u can take down and put up
SDLC uses what is called a SLIDING WINDOW (this is the window size), they call this a
Sequence Number
000 – Received Sequence Number
000- Send Sequence Numbers
SDLC can send 7 frames before an acknowledgement is demanded
Totally Reliable, it’s a VERY VERY.
Why 7 frames?
001
010
011
It will senevn frames cause the SN only has 7 frames cause it only has 3 bits,
The seven frames will go out into the internet and the deatination computer will get the 7 frames and then it will do
Error Checking
Under 7 frames CRC on each and every frames
If they are all correct the receiving computer will build a supervisory frame in the reciving computer it will put receive data
111
Function Code
00 means no errors
Supervisors address control and flags
The sending machine sends the other information, once it gets to 7 gets back to zero then starts again
What if their was an error in frame 6, it does CRC error checking.
The receiving computer sends a supervisory frame of a function code of 01 indicating their has been an error, 110.
Supervisory from 11 means stop sending data
Supervisory three things, pos ack, neg ack , and flow control
Whether its an information , supervisory and unnumbered frame, why is it unnumbered, cause they have received sequence number
Information have reveinumber send number
Unnumbered have 5 bits of function code, bring a network down up , reset the machine, 5 bits has 32 different functions, Network Manage Person can do function
Understand unnumbered frams perform network management functions.
Supervisory frames never send data, address control and end flag,
You can send data unnumbered frames, buy your RRSP the NMPerson, here’s a little
The final bit
Pull Final – 1 bit has 2 jobs, depends on which direction the message is moving, with SDLC central computer are called primary units and others primary units, primary units are computers that control the ordered delivery of data
Their can be no collisions in SDLC, think about it,
There is two people and they are side by side and they both ask for $100 and press enter at exactly the same time what will happen
POLLING is used for flow control, hence the name POLL, the bank machine handling SDLC each circuit SDLC will send a POLLING message is a supervisory frame with no data the bit in the middle will be turned on,
It will send it to the new frame ask if it has data pull back and see if it needs pulls the data then it goes to the next machine,
POLLING to each machine, pul indicator primary to secondary
Different if its coming from the secondary unit to the primary unit its called a final indicator bit.
Final frame it know it has received 1 2 3 and there is no more frames, 1 bit with 2 jobs.
Next 5 weeks:
WAN protocol, and Internet protocol, Test 2 WAN protocol questions and Internet specific questions
When you typed router rip
Router RIP- To build something called a Routing Information Table
Two flavours of routing information protocols RIP is the oldest.
RIP V2
Configuring router 1, R1 knows two things, R1 knows about subnet 1 and subnet 2,
R2 knows about S2 S3, R3 S3 S4.
RIP starts up in your router, does something intresting, will send out ever interface it knows and every serial it knows
RIP REQUEST – frame of data – 2 pieces of information, it knows about S1 and S2 and will send it to its neighbour, when R2 gets the rip request will send a rip request, it will say it knows about Subnet3 and Router 3
R1
IP address | Hop Count | Interface
S3 1 S0
*Add*
S4 2 S0
Now R1 knows that R1 is associated with R2 subnet 3
R2
IP address | Hop Count | Interface
S1 1 S1
S4 1 S0
Every 20 seconds when started, biggest problem, every 20 seconds on average it sends a RIP request to its Neighbours.
Another 20 seconds pass so R2 will send everything it knows ^^Addings to RIP: router 1 will *Add*
Second Major problem
IETF webpage, - Specification for maximum Hop count of 15
If you connect 2 routers together it will see that it will be 1hop count, rip will always send it out the fasts, the minimum HOP count.
Next week A FAR BETTAH routing PROTOCOL HA HA HA AHHHHH!
OPEN SORTING PATH is by far a superior protocol, far more complex protocol.
When you type in router RIP its rip version rip, the third crucial failure it cannot understand subnets. RIPv2 does address subnets
Tuesday, October 30, 2007
OPS435W9
No double quotes the shell will automatically go into file name expansion, this was one problem with the assignment.
An example with this
Echo $bs|grep [^0-9]
New stuff
RCS
Revision Control System
What is RCS?
What is it used for?
What is the revision number of the current Linux kernel 2.6.28….the second number if its odd its development if its 6 it’s a working version.
What does the 28 mean, it tells you the 2.6 version has been 28 times since its release.
Bugs or any functionality that needs to be upgraded.
^^this is what its all about,
These numbers are not being tracked its being done by the RCS system, lets look at how it works,
We are going to be using this for our next assignment 2, this system will keep track of the changes you make all long, this will keep track with revision numbers like the kernel numbers in Linux, this is used when you graduate when you get a job you will work in groups and your working on a utility of some sort this system has to keep track of all the ongoings, and has to allow each member of the group to develop and making changes, and also prevent people outside of the group to not come in and make changes.
Version Management
You can use this program to keep track of data files or anything, all versions are stored as a single file, for instance when you have revisions there is only ONE file, you can have multiple revision in a single file, with RCS you can keep track of it, or you can ask it to what ever revision you want to work with, the system will go back and undo the changes you have done to work with.
Some commands
-rcs
-ci
-co
To initialize rcs you use rcs –i filename
RCS needs a unique director so we have created a directory called RCS
When you initiate files, the rcs will ask you to give a description what the files about the comma v is added to any file that is created in any RCS system this is created to say it’s a RCS file not a regular file, the file we have initiated it does contain the file of the original file, it has created a RCS shell around it
My New Prompt $RCS
-bash: RCS: command not found
My New Prompt $ls RCS/
age,v
My New Prompt $cat RCS/age,v
head ; version number
access; who has access to the file
symbols;
locks; strict;
comment @# @;
desc
@this is my assignment 1 file from OPS435
@
When you do assignment #2 you will have to give ur partner cause we will be only using 2 accounts, once you make this decision the other person will have to have access to the file,
You have to use the check commands to play with the file, you have to check the file in or check the file out, when someone is on it you cant use it.
Ci jj
This checks it into the RCS directory you never go into the jj,v you have to check it out, you can use
Co –l jj
You want to use co –l because then it will be locked, so no one else can use it and only you,
Ci jj
RCS –a command, to give access to the person, you add the name of the user with no space
Rcs –afcrusso age,v
Rlog to see the history of this file
Ex: rlog jj
My New Prompt $RCS
-bash: RCS: command not found
My New Prompt $ls RCS/
age,v
My New Prompt $cat RCS/age,v
head ;
access;
symbols;
locks; strict;
comment @# @;
desc
@this is my assignment 1 file from OPS435
@
You can branch off to different branches, the particular item will tell you which branch the tree is in.
Make more changes
Co –l age.v
There are a number of commands parted of the RCS system
.rlog – history of the command
Not using this semester
.ident – certain keywords
.rcsdiff – different of versions
.rcsmerge – merge files
.rcsclean – get rid of duplicate copies
Another system CBS and has many more functionalities.
And that’s our RCS.
On warning, if you initialize a file with the rcs –I as you know that’s just a shell does not contain the data of the file, if you were to check out the file, because the file does not contain data it will wipe out ur original file if you continue if will put nothing in your original file, do a check in before you do a check out.
When you encounter during the test some of the simple things, one thing that was expected the bonus question
Regular expressions
Find if $1 is an integer
Echo $1 | grep ‘[^0-9]’ || \$1
[ $1 –ge 0 ] 2> /dev/null
Expr $1 / 1
Thedate:
Cal|tail +3|wc –w
Cal|grep –v ‘[a-z]’
An example with this
Echo $bs|grep [^0-9]
New stuff
RCS
Revision Control System
What is RCS?
What is it used for?
What is the revision number of the current Linux kernel 2.6.28….the second number if its odd its development if its 6 it’s a working version.
What does the 28 mean, it tells you the 2.6 version has been 28 times since its release.
Bugs or any functionality that needs to be upgraded.
^^this is what its all about,
These numbers are not being tracked its being done by the RCS system, lets look at how it works,
We are going to be using this for our next assignment 2, this system will keep track of the changes you make all long, this will keep track with revision numbers like the kernel numbers in Linux, this is used when you graduate when you get a job you will work in groups and your working on a utility of some sort this system has to keep track of all the ongoings, and has to allow each member of the group to develop and making changes, and also prevent people outside of the group to not come in and make changes.
Version Management
You can use this program to keep track of data files or anything, all versions are stored as a single file, for instance when you have revisions there is only ONE file, you can have multiple revision in a single file, with RCS you can keep track of it, or you can ask it to what ever revision you want to work with, the system will go back and undo the changes you have done to work with.
Some commands
-rcs
-ci
-co
To initialize rcs you use rcs –i filename
RCS needs a unique director so we have created a directory called RCS
When you initiate files, the rcs will ask you to give a description what the files about the comma v is added to any file that is created in any RCS system this is created to say it’s a RCS file not a regular file, the file we have initiated it does contain the file of the original file, it has created a RCS shell around it
My New Prompt $RCS
-bash: RCS: command not found
My New Prompt $ls RCS/
age,v
My New Prompt $cat RCS/age,v
head ; version number
access; who has access to the file
symbols;
locks; strict;
comment @# @;
desc
@this is my assignment 1 file from OPS435
@
When you do assignment #2 you will have to give ur partner cause we will be only using 2 accounts, once you make this decision the other person will have to have access to the file,
You have to use the check commands to play with the file, you have to check the file in or check the file out, when someone is on it you cant use it.
Ci jj
This checks it into the RCS directory you never go into the jj,v you have to check it out, you can use
Co –l jj
You want to use co –l because then it will be locked, so no one else can use it and only you,
Ci jj
RCS –a command, to give access to the person, you add the name of the user with no space
Rcs –afcrusso age,v
Rlog to see the history of this file
Ex: rlog jj
My New Prompt $RCS
-bash: RCS: command not found
My New Prompt $ls RCS/
age,v
My New Prompt $cat RCS/age,v
head ;
access;
symbols;
locks; strict;
comment @# @;
desc
@this is my assignment 1 file from OPS435
@
You can branch off to different branches, the particular item will tell you which branch the tree is in.
Make more changes
Co –l age.v
There are a number of commands parted of the RCS system
.rlog – history of the command
Not using this semester
.ident – certain keywords
.rcsdiff – different of versions
.rcsmerge – merge files
.rcsclean – get rid of duplicate copies
Another system CBS and has many more functionalities.
And that’s our RCS.
On warning, if you initialize a file with the rcs –I as you know that’s just a shell does not contain the data of the file, if you were to check out the file, because the file does not contain data it will wipe out ur original file if you continue if will put nothing in your original file, do a check in before you do a check out.
When you encounter during the test some of the simple things, one thing that was expected the bonus question
Regular expressions
Find if $1 is an integer
Echo $1 | grep ‘[^0-9]’ || \$1
[ $1 –ge 0 ] 2> /dev/null
Expr $1 / 1
Thedate:
Cal|tail +3|wc –w
Cal|grep –v ‘[a-z]’
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